Sudden cardiac death (SCD), also called cardiac arrest, is used to describe a situation in which the heart abruptly and without warning stops working, so no blood can be pumped to the rest of the body. It is responsible for half of all heart disease deaths.

Click here for basic facts on Sudden Cardiac Death

Sudden cardiac death occurs when the heart’s electrical system malfunctions. It is not a heart attack (also known as a myocardial infarcation). A heart attack is when a blockage in a blood vessel interrupts the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart, causing heart muscle to die. So if the heart can be compared to a house, SCD occurs when there is an electrical problem and a heart attack – when the problem is the plumbing.

The most common cause of cardiac arrest is a heart rhythm disorder or arrhythmia called ventricular fibrillation (VF). The heart has a built-in electrical system. In a healthy heart, a “pace- maker” triggers the heartbeat, then electrical impulses run along pathways in the heart, causing it to contract in a regular, rhythmic way. When a con- traction happens, blood is pumped. But in ventricular fibrillation, the elec- trical signals that control the pumping of the heart suddenly become rapid and chaotic. As a result, the lower chambers of the heart, the ventricles, begin to quiver (fibrillate) instead of contract, and they can no longer pump blood from the heart to the rest of the body. If blood cannot flow to the brain, it becomes starved of oxygen, and the person loses consciousness in seconds. Unless an emergency shock is delivered to the heart to restore its regular rhythm, using a machine called a defibrillator, death can occur within minutes. It’s estimated that more than 70% of ventricular fibrillation victims die before reaching the hospital.

Who Is At Risk?
SCD often occurs in active, outwardly healthy people with no known heart disease or other health problems. But the truth is that sudden cardiac death is not a random event. Most victims do have heart diseases or other health problems, although they may not know it.

There are numerous contributors to cardiac arrest, but two of the most important ones are:

* A previous heart attack: 75% of the people who die of SCD show signs of a previous heart attack.
* Coronary artery disease: 80% of SCD’s victims have signs of coronary artery disease. This is a condition in which the arteries that supply blood to the heart are narrowed or blocked.

There are also a number of symptoms and signs that may indicate that a person is at increased risk for SCD. These include:

* An abnormal heart rate or rhythm (arrhythmia) of unknown cause
* An unusually rapid heart rate (tachycardia) that comes and goes, even when the person is at rest
* Episodes of fainting (called syncope) of unknown cause
* A low ejection fraction (EF): The ejection fraction is a measurement of how much blood is pumped by the ventricles with each heart beat. A healthy heart pumps 55% or more of its blood with each beat. People at highest risk for SCD have ejection fractions of less than 40%, combined with ventricular tachycardia, an abnormally fast heart rate in the lower chambers of the heart.

Are You At Risk?

Tests That Predict Risk
There are a number of tests that can be performed to determine if someone is in a group that is at high risk for cardiac arrest. These include:

Echocardiogram – a painless test in which sound waves are used to create a moving picture of the heart. The test can measure the pumping ability of the heart and identify other problems that may increase a person’s risk for SCD.

Electrocardiogram – A painless test in which electrodes are attached to the patient’s chest to record the electrical activity of the heart in order to identify abnormal heart rhythms. Certain arrhythmias could point to an increased risk of SCD.

Holter monitor – A Walkman-size recorder that patients attach to their chest for one to two days, recording a longer sampling of their heart rhythm. After the recorder is removed, the tape is analyzed for signs of arrhythmia.

Event recorder – a pager-sized device that also records the electrical activity of the heart over a longer period of time. Unlike a holter monitor, it does not operate continuously. Instead, patients turn on the device whenever they feel their heart beating too quickly or chaotically.

Electrophysiology study (EPS) – This test is performed at a hospital or clinic. A local anesthetic is used to numb areas in the groin or neck and thin flexible wires called catheters are snaked up to the heart to record its electrical signals. During the study, the electrophysiologist studies the speed and flow of electrical signals through the heart, identifies rhythm problems and pinpoints areas in the heart that may be the sources of abnormal electrical signals that trigger arrhythmias. The physician can also determine if a patient has had a prior heart attack or evidence of prior heart damage without knowing it. All of this information can help determine whether the patient is in a group at higher risk for SCD.

Prevention
There are a number of things people can do to decrease the likelihood of becoming a victim of sudden cardiac death. To begin with, living a “heart healthy” life can help reduce the chances of dying of cardiac arrest or other heart conditions. This includes exercising regularly, eating healthful foods, maintaining a reasonable weight and avoiding smoking. Treating and monitoring diseases and conditions that can contribute to heart problems, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes, is also important.

Finally, for some patients, preventing sudden cardiac death means controlling or stopping the abnormal heart rhythms that may trigger ventricular fibrillation. Treating arrhythmias is done in three ways:

Medications – Medications, including ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers and other antiarrhythmics, can control abnormal heart rhythms or treat other conditions that may contribute to heart disease or SCD. But taking medication alone has not proved to be very effective in reducing cardiac arrest. These medications are sometimes taken by patients who also have an ICD, in order to reduce how often it fires.

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) – These devices have been very successful in preventing sudden cardiac death in certain high-risk patients. Like a pacemaker, ICDs are implanted under the skin. Wires called leads run from the ICD to the heart, and the device monitors the heart to detect any abnormal rhythms. If a dangerous arrhythmia is detected, the ICD delivers an electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm and prevent sudden cardiac death. The ICD can also act like a pacemaker if the heart is beating too slowly.

Catheter Ablation – In this tech- nique, radiofrequency energy (heat), cryotherapy (freezing), or other energy forms are used to destroy small areas of heart muscle that give rise to the abnormal electrical signals that cause rapid or irregular heart rhythms. The energy is delivered through catheters that are snaked through the veins or arteries to the heart. Catheter ablation is sometimes done in patients who have an ICD to decrease the frequency of abnormal heart rhythms, and again, to reduce how often the device fires.

Somes v. United Airlines, Inc.

In 1995, 39 year old Steven Somes died of a cardiac arrest on a United Airlines flight from Boston to San Francisco. The claim against United was based on the failure to have an automatic external defibrillator (”AED”) on board Mr. Somes’ plane, which would have saved his life. Several obstacles stood in the way of successful resolution: AEDs had not been required by the federal government in 1995; no major U.S. airline carried them in 1995; and the extensive regulation of airlines by the federal government gave basis to a defense that federal law preempted state law, such that no claim was available.

Paul, John, and Ronald Kidd and John Sikorski of Robinson Donovan made extensive investigation into the medical aspects of cardiac arrest, the technological history of AEDs, the U.S. passenger airline industry, and use of AEDs by foreign airlines beginning in the early 1990s. On behalf of Steven Somes’s widow Jamie, a wrongful death action was filed against United in January 1998.

The memorandum of law against preemption was prepared by John and Paul. Federal District Court Judge Morris Lasker largely adopted its reasoning in his lengthy written opinion. Pre-trial discovery included extensive motion practice and depositions in England and France. In the course of obtaining complete records of the airline industry’s internal deliberations on the subject of AEDs, Paul and John obtained substantial sanctions against the principal lobby group of the U.S. domestic airline industry, the Washington D.C.-based Airline Transport Association. Somes’ lawyers were prepared to prove that United - like most other major U.S. airlines - was well aware in 1995 of the inexpensive, reliable, and proven life-saving capacity of AEDs, but refused to install them on grounds of cost. United settled the case before trial, the terms of which remain confidential.

According to a recent New York Times assessment, the Somes case was instrumental in prompting the U.S. airline industry to carry AEDs on passenger planes. The case has also been recognized as a milestone in the cause of Public Access Defibrillation (”PAD”), countering the wide-spread but misguided perception that supposed liabilities associated with AEDs outweigh the benefits of installing them. Paul and John, in collaboration with Robinson Donovan, continue to handle wrongful death claims against airlines for failure to have an AED, including suits filed in Chicago against Continental Airlines, which was settled in the summer of 2002, and against Frontier Airlines, which settled shortly before trial.

Every Houston Independent School District campus will soon be equipped with an automated external defibrillator. The device is used to shock a heart and restore its normal beating rhythm.
The school board is expected to accept 300 donated defibrillators from the Texas Arrhythmia Institute next week. The total value is about $650,000. The campuses need to send their nurses and other key personnel to training sessions beginning next month.
In the past few years, several student athletes have died suddenly of cardiac arrest, according to Dr. Nadim Nasir Jr., a cardiologist and senior researcher for the Houston-based Texas Arrhythmia Institute. The device’s life-saving potential can be important not only for students, but also for staff members and visitors.
Officials believe the donation will make HISD the largest American school district to outfit all of its schools with defibrillators.